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1. Principles of Passive Fire Protection (PFP)

- Cellulosic vs. Hydrocarbon Fires: Understanding the difference in heat rise curves (Standard Time-Temperature Curve vs. High-Rise Hydrocarbon Curve).
- Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction, convection, and radiation.
- Fire Resistance Ratings: The duration (e.g., 1-hour, 2-hour) a system can withstand fire before the steel reaches its critical temperature ( or ).

- Intumescence: The chemical process where a coating swells to many times its original thickness when exposed to heat, forming an insulating char.
- Sublimation: The transition of a substance directly from a solid to a gas (relevant to certain specialty PFP materials).
- Critical Temperature: The temperature at which structural steel loses approximately 50% of its load-bearing capacity.

2. Materials and Systems

- SFRM (Spray-Applied Fire Resistive Materials): Cementitious or mineral fiber-based materials.
- IFRM (Intumescent Fire Resistive Materials): Thin-film coatings used for aesthetic and structural purposes.
- Rigid Board and Wraps: Pre-manufactured fire protection panels and flexible blankets.

- Cementitious: PFP materials that resemble plaster or concrete and use a hydraulic binder.
- Density: Mass per unit volume (e.g., ), a critical factor for the performance of SFRM.
- Topcoat: A protective layer applied over IFRM to provide UV resistance or color, which must be compatible with the PFP system.


3. Surface Preparation and Application

- Substrate Compatibility: Ensuring the primer is approved for use under the specific PFP material (referencing the UL Directory).
- Environmental Monitoring: Dew point, relative humidity, and air/substrate temperature requirements.
- Reinforcement: The use of mesh, scrim, or lath to help the PFP material stay attached during a fire.

- Bond Strength: The adhesion between the PFP and the substrate (measured in or ).
- WFT/DFT: Wet Film Thickness and Dry Film Thickness.
- UL Design Number: A specific "recipe" or assembly (e.g., UL X607) that dictates exactly how the material must be applied to achieve a fire rating.


4. Inspection Tasks and Standards

- ASTM E605: Standard for thickness and density of SFRM.
- ASTM E736: Standard for cohesive/adhesive strength (bond strength) of SFRM.
- AWCI Technical Manual 12-A/B: Guidance for the inspection of PFP.

- Non-Conformance: A condition where the application does not meet the project specification or UL design.
- Bayesian Sampling: (In some contexts) A method for determining the frequency of thickness measurements.
- Cohesive Failure: A break within the PFP material itself, rather than at the substrate interface.


5. Safety and Post-Application

- Hazardous Materials: Handling dust from SFRM or chemicals in IFRM.
- Conditional Surveys: Inspecting existing fireproofing for cracks, delamination, or mechanical damage.
- Repair Procedures: Patching and overlapping new material onto old.

- Delamination: The separation of the PFP from the substrate or primer.
- Orange Peel: A surface texture defect in IFRM that can impact final thickness readings.
- Lath: Metal mesh used to mechanically "key" the fireproofing to the steel.